PARIS, Dec 6, 2023 (BSS/AFP) - This year will be the hottest in recorded

history after an "extraordinary" November became the sixth record-breaking
month in a row, Europe's climate monitor said Wednesday, piling pressure on
the COP28 talks to act on climate change.

Last month smashed the previous November heat record, pushing 2023's global
average temperature to 1.46 degrees Celsius warmer than pre-industrial
levels, the EU's Copernicus Climate Change Service said.

There had been warnings this year could take the title of hottest year from
2016 -- particularly after records toppled in September and October -- but
this marks the first time it has been confirmed.

November also contained two days that were 2C warmer than pre-industrial
levels. Not one such day had ever before been recorded.

Samantha Burgess, deputy head of the Copernicus service, said that 2023 has
"now had six record-breaking months and two record-breaking seasons".

"The extraordinary global November temperatures, including two days warmer
than 2C above pre-industrial (levels), mean that 2023 is the warmest year in
recorded history," she said.

Scientists say data from ice cores, tree rings and the like suggests this
year could be the warmest in more than 100,000 years.

- To phase out or down? -

The announcement of the record comes as negotiators from nearly 200 countries
at the COP28 talks in Dubai debate the text of a final draft agreement that
responds to a damning stocktake of progress on limiting warming.

A crucial aspect of this is the fate of oil, gas and coal -- the main drivers
of human-caused planet heating.

Battle lines at the talks in oil-rich UAE have previously been drawn on
whether to agree to "phase out" or "phase down" fossil fuels.

But a new phrase committing to an "orderly and just" phase-out of fossil
fuels could signal a consensus candidate, giving countries different
timelines to cut emissions depending on their level of development and
reliance on hydrocarbons.

But there is another option: no mention at all of fossil fuels, which
reflects opposition from nations including Saudi Arabia and China, according
to several observers who attended the closed meetings.

Another draft paragraph urging a "rapid phase out of unabated coal power this
decade" has also faced opposition from China, South Africa and Vietnam, the
observers said.

A new version of the draft text is expected on Wednesday morning that will
then be sifted through at the talks, which are due to end on December 12.

- 'Temperature will keep rising' -

Meanwhile, 2023 has seen a series of devastating extreme weather events
linked to climate change, even as the world's carbon emissions continue to
rise.

According to Copernicus, whose records go back to 1940, the first 11 months
of this year have been 0.13C hotter than in 2016, the previous warmest year.

Global temperatures in the second half of this year are believed to have been
partly propelled by the El Nino weather pattern, which has caused fewer
"anomalies" so far in 2023 than in 2015-2016, the Copernicus service said.

September to November, the three months marking autumn in the northern
hemisphere, were the hottest ever "by a large margin," according to
Copernicus.

November alone was 1.75C warmer than pre-industrial levels -- and marked a
significant 0.85C increase over 1991-2020, Copernicus said.

Such numbers could suggest that world is coming uncomfortably close to
warming 1.5 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times, which is a key
threshold in the Paris climate agreement.

However to actually breach the Paris limit, global temperatures would need to
stay above 1.5C over decades.

"As long as greenhouse gas concentrations keep rising we can't expect
different outcomes," Copernicus head Carlo Buontempo said.

"The temperature will keep rising and so will the impacts of heatwaves and
droughts," he added.

Also on Wednesday, researchers warned of 26 Earth "tipping points" such as
melting ice sheets, that have the potential to unleash a domino effect of
irreversible catastrophes across the planet.