RIO DE JANEIRO, Jan 13, 2024 (BSS/AFP) - Workers were just starting
construction on a new apartment complex in northeastern Brazil when they
began finding human bones and pottery shards, their edges worn smooth by
time.

Soon, excavations at the site in the coastal city of Sao Luis had uncovered
thousands of artifacts left by ancient peoples up to 9,000 years ago -- a
treasure trove archaeologists say could rewrite the history of human
settlement in Brazil.

The lead archaeologist on the dig, Wellington Lage, says he had no idea what
he was getting into when Brazilian construction giant MRV hired his company,
W Lage Arqueologia, in 2019 to carry out an impact study at the site -- part
of the routine procedure of preparing to build an apartment building.

Covered in tropical vegetation and bordered by the urban sprawl of Sao Luis,
the capital of Maranhao state, the six-hectare (15-acre) plot was known as
Rosane's Farm, for the daughter of a late local landholder.

Researching the site, Lage learned intriguing vestiges had been found in the
area since the 1970s, including part of a human jawbone in 1991.

His team soon found much more: a flood of stone tools, ceramic shards,
decorated shells and bones.

In four years of digging, they have unearthed 43 human skeletons and more
than 100,000 artifacts, according to Brazil's Institute for National Historic
and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), which announced the discovery this week,
calling it "grandiose."

Researchers now plan to catalogue the artifacts, analyze them in detail, put
them on display and publish their findings.

"We've been working four years now, and we've barely scratched the surface,"
said Lage, a 70-year-old Sao Paulo native whose wife and two children are
also archaeologists.

- Rewriting history -

The preliminary findings are already grabbing attention in the scientific
community.

Lage says his team -- which grew to 27 people in all, including
archaeologists, chemists, a historian and a documentary filmmaker -- has
found four distinct eras of occupation at the site.

The top layer was left by the Tupinamba people, who inhabited the region when
European colonizers founded Sao Luis in 1612.

Then comes a layer of artifacts typical of Amazon rainforest peoples,
followed by a "sambaqui": a mound of pottery, shells and bones used by some
Indigenous groups to build their homes or bury their dead.

Beneath that, around two meters (6.5 feet) below the surface, lies another
layer, left by a group that made rudimentary ceramics and lived around 8,000
to 9,000 years ago, based on the depth of the find.

That is far older than the oldest documented "pre-sambaqui" settlement found
so far in the region, which dates to 6,600 years ago, Lage said.

"This could completely change the history of not just the region but all of
Brazil," he told AFP.

Scientists have long debated exactly when and how humans arrived in and
populated the Americas from Asia.

Lage's find suggests they settled this region of modern-day Brazil at least
1,400 years earlier than previously thought.

- 'Landmark' -

Archaeologists now plan to date the artifacts more precisely using isotopic
analysis.

Already, the site "represents a landmark in our understanding of prehistoric
Brazil," IPHAN said in a statement.

"It's a testament to the long history of human settlement (in the region),
demonstrating it predates what had previously been recorded in Brazil."

Archaeologist Arkley Bandeira of the Federal University of Maranhao, which is
building a lab and museum to house the artifacts with funding from MRV, said
in a statement the site could provide valuable new insights into the culture
and history of ancient peoples lost to the past.

"These finds... play a crucial role in narrating our long history," he said.