WASHINGTON, Dec 30, 2021 (BSS/AFP) - From the Mars Ingenuity helicopter's
first powered flight on another world to the launch of the James Webb
telescope that will peer into the earliest epoch of the Universe, 2021 was a
huge year for humanity's space endeavors.

  Beyond the science milestones, billionaires battled to reach the final
frontier first, an all-civilian crew went into orbit, and Star Trek's William
Shatner waxed profound about what it meant to see the Earth from the cosmos,
as space tourism finally came into its own.

  Here are selected highlights.

  - Red Planet robot duo -

  NASA's Perseverance Rover survived its "seven minutes of terror," a time
when the craft relies on its automated systems for descent and landing, to
touch down flawlessly on Mars' Jezero Crater in February.

  Since then, the car-sized robot has been taking photos and drilling for
samples for its mission: determining whether the Red Planet might have hosted
ancient microbial life forms.

  A rock sample return mission is planned for sometime in the 2030s.

  With its state-of-the-art instruments, "Percy," as the helicopter is
affectionately known, can also zap Martian rock and chemically analyze the
vapor.

  Percy has a partner along for the ride: Ingenuity, a four-pound (two
kilogram) rotorcraft that in April succeeded in the first powered flight on
another celestial body, just over a century after the Wright brothers'
achieved the same feat here on Earth, and has performed many more since.

  "Perseverance is sort of the flagship mission, it's doing a long-term
detailed investigation of this fascinating area of Mars," Jonathan McDowall,
an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, told AFP.

  By contrast, "Ingenuity, is one of these cute, small, cheap little
technology demos that NASA can do so well," he added.

  The insights gained from Ingenuity could help scientists develop Dragonfly,
a planned thousand-pound drone copter, to search for signs of life on
Saturn's moon Titan in the mid-2030s.

  - Private spaceflight takes off - An American millionaire became the
world's first space tourist in 2001, but it took 20 more years for the
promise of private space flight to finally materialize.

  In July, Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson faced off against Blue
Origin's Jeff Bezos to be the first non-professional astronaut to complete a
suborbital spaceflight.

  While the British tycoon won that battle by a few days, it was Blue Origin
that raced ahead, launching three more flights with paying customers and
celebrity guests.

  Elon Musk's SpaceX entered the fray in September with a three-day orbital
mission around the Earth featuring an all-civilian crew on Inspiration 4.

  "It's really exciting that finally, after so long this stuff is finally
happening," said space industry analyst Laura Seward Forczyk, author of the
forthcoming book "Becoming Off-Worldly," intended to prepare future space
travelers.

  But it was William Shatner, who played the swashbuckling Captain Kirk on
the 1960s TV series "Star Trek," who stole the show with a moving account of
his experience.

  "What you're looking down on is Mother Earth, and it needs protecting," he
told reporters.

  A Russian crew shot the first feature film in space aboard the
International Space Station (ISS) in 2021, and Japanese tourists made their
own visit there on a Russian rocket.

  For a few minutes on December 11, there were a record 19 humans in space
when Blue Origin carried out its third crewed mission, the Japanese team were
on the ISS along with its normal crew, and Chinese taikonauts were in
position on their station.

  The sight of wealthy elites gallivanting in the cosmos hasn't been to
everyone's liking, however, and the nascent space tourism sector triggered a
backlash from some who said there were more pressing issues to face, such as
climate change, here on Earth.

  - Globalization of space -

  During the Cold War, space was dominated by the United States and the
former Soviet Union.

  Now, in addition to the explosion of the commercial sector, which is
sending up satellites at a dizzying pace, China, India and others are
increasingly flexing their space flight muscles.

  China's Tiangong (Palace in the Sky) space station -- its first long-term
outpost -- was launched in April, while its first Mars rover, Zhurong, landed
in May, making it the only the second country to achieve such an exploit.

  "In the past 20 years since China finally decided to go big on space,
they've been in catch up mode," said McDowall. "And now they're kind of
there, and they're starting to do things that the US hasn't done."

  The UAE placed a probe into Martian orbit in February, becoming the first
Arab nation and fifth overall to reach the planet.

  Russia meanwhile launched a missile at one of its own satellites, becoming
the fourth country to hit a spacecraft from the ground, in a move that
reignited concerns about the growing space arms race.

  Washington slammed Moscow for its "reckless" test, which generated over
1,500 pieces of large orbital debris, dangerous for low Earth orbit missions
such as the ISS.

  - Coming soon... -

  The year closed out with the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope, a
$10 billion marvel that will make use of infrared technology to peer back 13
billion years in time.

  "It's arguably the most expensive, single scientific platform ever
created," said Casey Drier, chief advocate of the Planetary Society.

  "To push the boundaries of our knowledge about the cosmos, we had to build
something capable of accessing that ancient past," he added.

  It will reach Lagrange Point 2, a space landmark a million miles from
Earth, in a matter of weeks, then gradually start up and calibrate its
systems, coming online around June.

  Also next year, the launch of Artemis 1 -- when NASA's giant Space Launch
System (SLS) will carry the Orion capsule to the Moon and back, in
preparation for America's return with humans later this decade.

  NASA plans to build lunar habitats and use lessons learned there for
forward missions to Mars in the 2030s.

  Observers are encouraged that the program launched by former president
Donald Trump has continued under Joe Biden -- even if he hasn't been as vocal
in his support.

  Finally, sometime next fall, NASA's DART probe will smash into an asteroid
to kick it off course.

  The proof-of-concept test is a dry run should humanity ever need to stop a
giant space rock from wiping out life on Earth, as seen in Netflix's new hit
film "Don't Look Up."